Financial Regulation International

This article is the second part of an examination of the controversial issue of whether the European Central Bank (ECB) is threatened by second-generation Trans-European Automated Real-Time Gross Settlement Express Transfer (TARGET2) balances, if a..

As there has been a mixed operation trend in Chinese financial markets in recent years, previously separated regulation and supervision are no longer suitable for the current situation. If regulation and supervision keep lagging behind changing..

Saudi Arabia listed the Arabian Oil Company (ARAMCO) on the country’s stock market, Tadawul, on 12 December 2019. Saudi ARAMCO is estimated to supply over 10 per cent of the world’s oil annually (Nehme, 2019), and represents an important entity in..

In recent months there have been a number of instances within the business press regarding the established and leading credit rating agencies (CRAs) defending themselves against criticism. Those familiar with the leading credit rating agencies and..